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View Proteins belonging to: The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family

2.A.59 The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family

Two proteins of the ACR3 family have been functionally characterized. These proteins are the ACR3 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also called the ARR3 protein (Wysocki et al., 1997), and the 'ArsB' protein of Bacillus subtilis (Sato and Kobayashi, 1998). The latter protein is not related to ArsB of E. coli. The former yeast protein is present in the plasma membrane and pumps arsenite and antimonite, but not arsenate, tellurite, cadmium or phenylarsine oxide out of the cell in response to the pmf.  It uses a proton antiport mechanism to extrude the anions with low affinity (Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska et al., 2011). The Bacillus protein exports both arsenite and antimonite. The exact transport mechanism is not established. Bacillus Acr3 probably has a 10 TMS topology (Aaltonen and Silow, 2008).

ACR3 of S. cerevisiae is 404 amino acyl residues long and exhibits 10 putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). Homologues are found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (498 aas; gbZ80225), Archaeoglobus fulgidus (370 aas; gbAE001071), Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (365 aas; gbAE000865) and Synechocystis (383 aas; spP74311). Thus, members of the ACR3 family are found in bacteria, archaea and eukarya. Sequence similarity of several members of the Acr3 family with members of the bile acid:Na+ symporter (BASS) family (TC #2.A.28) is sufficient to establish homology. The ACR3 family belongs to the BART superfamily (Mansour et al., 2007).

Bioinformatic analyses have revealed that some ACR3 porters are involved in operons together with ArsA-like ATPases, implying that some of these porters may be driven by ATP hydrolysis as primary active transporters (Castillo and Saier, 2010). This may occur in addition to or instead of the secondary active transport mechanism established for ACR3 members noted above. Homologous ATPases are found in families 3.A.4, 3.A.19 and 3.A.21 as well as 2.A.59. A region of the ABC ATPase (3.A.1.26.8; the ribose transporter) shows significant sequence similarity to the ArsA under 3.A.19.1.1 (28% identical; 49% similarity, 0 gaps, e-5) as revealed by TC Blast.

The generalized reaction catalyzed by members of the ACR3 family is:

Arsenite or antimonite (in) Arsenite or antimonite (out)

This family belongs to the: ArsA ATPase (ArsA) Superfamily.
View Proteins belonging to: The Arsenical Resistance-3 (ACR3) Family

References associated with 2.A.59 family:

Aaltonen, E.K., and M. Silow. (2008). Transmembrane topology of the Acr3 family arsenite transporter from Bacillus subtilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1778: 963-973. 18088595
Baker-Austin, C., M. Dopson, M. Wexler, R.G. Sawers, A. Stemmler, B.P. Rosen, and P.L. Bond. (2007). Extreme arsenic resistance by the acidophilic archaeon 'Ferroplasma acidarmanus' Fer1. Extremophiles 11: 425-434. 17268768
Castillo, R. and M.H. Saier. (2010). Functional Promiscuity of Homologues of the Bacterial ArsA ATPases. Int J Microbiol 2010: 187373. 20981284
Fu, H.L., B.P. Rosen, and H. Bhattacharjee. (2010). Biochemical characterization of a novel ArsA ATPase complex from Alkaliphilus metalliredigens QYMF. FEBS Lett. 584: 3089-3094. 20553716
Fu, H.L., Y. Meng, E. Ordóñez, A.F. Villadangos, H. Bhattacharjee, J.A. Gil, L.M. Mateos, and B.P. Rosen. (2009). Properties of arsenite efflux permeases (Acr3) from Alkaliphilus metalliredigens and Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 19887-19895. 19494117
Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E., Migocka M., Wawrzycka D., Markowska K. and Wysocki R. (2014). Multiple cysteine residues are necessary for sorting and transport activity of the arsenite permease Acr3p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1838(3):747-55. 24291645
Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, E., M. Migocka, and R. Wysocki. (2011). Acr3p is a plasma membrane antiporter that catalyzes As(III)/H+ and Sb(III)/H+ exchange in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1808: 1855-1859. 21447319
Mansour, N.M., M. Sawhney, D.G. Tamang, C. Vogl, and M.H. Saier, Jr. (2007). The bile/arsenite/riboflavin transporter (BART) superfamily. FEBS J. 274: 612-629. 17288550
Markowska K., Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E., Migocka M., Wawrzycka D. and Wysocki R. (2015). Identification of critical residues for transport activity of Acr3p, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae As(III)/H+ antiporter. Mol Microbiol. 98(1):162-74. 26123064
Ramos, J., J. Ariño, and H. Sychrová. (2011). Alkali-metal-cation influx and efflux systems in nonconventional yeast species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 317: 1-8. 21241357
Sato, T. and Y. Kobayashi. (1998). The ars operon in the skin element of Bacillus subtilis confers resistance to arsenate and arsenite. J. Bacteriol. 180: 1655-1661. 9537360
Villadangos, A.F., H.L. Fu, J.A. Gil, J. Messens, B.P. Rosen, and L.M. Mateos. (2012). Efflux permease CgAcr3-1 of Corynebacterium glutamicum is an arsenite-specific antiporter. J. Biol. Chem. 287: 723-735. 22102279
Wawrzycka, D., K. Markowska, E. Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska, M. Migocka, and R. Wysocki. (2016). Transmembrane topology of the arsenite permease Acr3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1859: 117-125. [Epub: Ahead of Print] 27836640
Wysocki, R., P. Bobrowicz, and S. Ulaszewski. (1997). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACR3 gene encodes a putative membrane protein involved in arsenite transport. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30061-30066. 9374482
Xia, X., V.L. Postis, M. Rahman, G.S. Wright, P.C. Roach, S.E. Deacon, J.C. Ingram, P.J. Henderson, J.B. Findlay, S.E. Phillips, M.J. McPherson, and S.A. Baldwin. (2008). Investigation of the structure and function of a Shewanella oneidensis arsenical-resistance family transporter. Mol. Membr. Biol. 25: 691-705. 19039703
Yang, H.C., H.L. Fu, Y.F. Lin, and B.P. Rosen. (2012). Pathways of arsenic uptake and efflux. Curr Top Membr 69: 325-358. 23046656