1.A.1.11.19
The phosphoinositide (PI(3,5)P₂)-activated Na⁺ two pore channel-2, TPC2, in endosomes and lysosomes (Wang et al. 2012). Previously thought, incorectly, according to Wang et al. 2012, to be a nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-dependent two pore Ca²⁺ channel.  TPC2, like TPC1, has a 12 TMS topology (two channel units) (Hooper et al., 2011). The two domains of human TPCs can insert into the membrane independently (Churamani et al., 2012).  Cang et al. (2013), showed that TPC1 and TPC2 together form an ATP-sensitive two-pore Na⁺ channel that senses the metabolic state of the cell.  The channel complex detects nutrient status, becomes constitutively open upon nutrient removal, and controls the lysosome's membrane potential, pH stability, and amino acid homeostasis.  Essential for Ebola virus (EBOV) host entry. Several inhibitors of TPC2 that act in the nM (tetrandrine) or μM (verapamil; Ned19) range block channel activity, prevent Ebola Virus from escaping cell vesicles and may be used to treat the disease (Sakurai et al. 2015).  TPC2 may transport both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ (Sakurai et al. 2015). Lipid-gated monovalent ion fluxes, mediated by TPC1 and TPC2 in mice, regulate endocytic traffic and support immune surveillance. This is in part achieved by catalyzing Na⁺ export from visicles derived from the plasma membrane by phagocytosis or pinocytosis, causing contraction and allowing the maintenance of a uniform cell volume (Freeman et al. 2020). This system is important for melanocyte function (Wiriyasermkul et al. 2020).  Convergent activation of two-pore channels mediated by the NAADP-binding proteins JPT2 and LSM12 has been reported (Gunaratne et al. 2023).  The lysosomal two-pore channels 2 (TPC2) and IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) located in the endoplasmic reticulum may be coupled (Yuan et al. 2024). Plasticity of the selectivity filter is essential for permeation in lysosomal TPC2 channels (Zaki et al. 2024).