1.C.17 The Cecropin (Cecropin) Family

Many organisms synthesize proteins (or peptides) which are degraded to relatively small hydrophobic or amphipathic, bioactive peptides. These peptides exhibit antibiotic, fungicidal, virucidal, hemolytic and/or tumoricidal activities by interacting with membranes and forming transmembrane channels that allow the free flow of electrolytes, metabolites and water across the phospholipid bilayers. Most of these peptides appear to function in biological warfare. There are many designations given to these bioactive peptides. They include the magainins, cecropins, melittins, defensins, bacteriocidins, etc. The proteins in each family within this functional superfamily are homologous, but they exhibit little or no significant sequence similarity with members of the other families. Thus, each family may have evolved independently. However, certain common structural features observed between members of distinct families suggest that at least some of these families share a common ancestry. The inhibition of steady-state transmembrane current produced by the antimicrobial peptide, cecropin A, was attributed to both the dipole potential drop and membrane lipid disordering in the presence of pepper alkaloids (Efimova et al. 2020).

Cecropins are produced by insects, particularly under conditions of infection. Cecropins A, B and D are close homologues consisting of 35-39 residues. They are found in the pupae of the cecropin moth, but related homologues named lepodopteran, bactericidin, moricin and sarcotoxin are produced by other insects. Several families of eukaryotic channel-forming amphipathic peptide, each from a different group of organisms, are recognized. Non-insect derived cecropin-like peptides are members of the Cecropin superfamily.

Peptides, indolicidin, aurein 1.2, magainin II, cecropin A and LL-37 all cause a general acceleration of essential lipid transport processes without altering the overall structure of the lipid membranes or creating organized pore-like structures (Nielsen et al. 2020). Rapid scrambling of the lipid composition associated with enhanced lipid transport may trigger lethal signaling processes and enhance ion transport.

The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by channel-forming amphipathic peptides is:

small solutes, electrolytes and water (in) small solutes, electrolytes and water (out).