2.A.79 The Threonine/Serine Exporter (ThrE) Family

The first member of the ThrE family to be characterized was the ThrE protein of Corynebacterium glutamicum (Simic et al., 2002). This protein (489aas) exhibits 10 putative TMSs and catalyzes the pmf-dependent efflux of threonine and serine (Kruse et al., 2002). It has close homologues in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv 3737; 529aas; pirB70798) and Strepomyces coelicolor (578aas; pirT36336. However more distant homologues, some of which consist of 'spliced' two-component systems, are also found in E. coli, Vibrio cholera, Xylella fastidiosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Thus, members of the ThrE family are diverse in sequence and are ubiquitous, being found in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (Eggeling and Sahm, 2003; Yen et al., 2002). Other characterized members of this family catalyze succinate (and probably other dicarboxylate) transport (export; see TC# 2.A.79.2.1).

The transport reaction catalyzed by ThrE of E. coli (TC# 2.A.79.1.1) is:

threonine or serine (in) + H+ (out) ⇌ threonine or serine (out) + H+ (in)

That for YjjPB of E. coli (TC# 2.A.79.2.1) is:

dicarboxylate (succinate, and probably malate and fumarate) (in) + H+ (out) ⇌ dicarboxylate (out) + H+ (in).


 

References:

Bendezú, F.O. and P.A. de Boer. (2008). Conditional lethality, division defects, membrane involution, and endocytosis in mre and mrd shape mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 190: 1792-1811.

Eggeling, L. and H. Sahm. (2003). New ubiquitous translocators: amino acid export by Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 180: 155-160.

Fukui, K., K. Nanatani, Y. Hara, M. Tokura, and K. Abe. (2018). Identification of EayjjPB encoding a dicarboxylate transporter important for succinate production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in Enterobacter aerogenes. J Biosci Bioeng 125: 505-512.

Fukui, K., K. Nanatani, Y. Hara, S. Yamakami, D. Yahagi, A. Chinen, M. Tokura, and K. Abe. (2017). Escherichia coli yjjPB genes encode a succinate transporter important for succinate production. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 81: 1837-1844.

Kruse, D., R. Krämer, L. Eggeling, M. Rieping, W. Pfefferle, J.H. Tchieu, Y.J. Chung, M.H. Jr Saier, and A. Burkovski. (2002). Influence of threonine exporters on threonine production in Escherichia coli. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59: 205-210.

Leaver, M. and J. Errington. (2005). Roles for MreC and MreD proteins in helical growth of the cylindrical cell wall in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 57: 1196-1209.

Simic, P., J. Willuhn, H. Sahm, and L. Eggeling. (2002). Identification of glyA (encoding serine hydroxymethyltransferase) and its use together with the exporter ThrE to increase L-threonine accumulation by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 3321-3327.

Southworth, T.W., A.A. Guffanti, A. Moir, and T.A. Krulwich. (2001). GerN, an endospore germination protein of Bacillus cereus, is an Na+/H+-K+ antiporter. J. Bacteriol. 183: 5896-5903.

Stratmann, T., S. Madhusudan, and K. Schnetz. (2008). Regulation of the yjjQ-bglJ operon, encoding LuxR-type transcription factors, and the divergent yjjP gene by H-NS and LeuO. J. Bacteriol. 190: 926-935.

Yen, M.R., Y.H. Tseng, P. Simic, H. Sahm, L. Eggeling, and M.H. Saier, Jr. (2002). The ubiquitous ThrE family of putative transmembrane amino acid efflux transporters. Res. Microbiol. 153: 19-25.

Examples:

TC#NameOrganismal TypeExample
2.A.79.1.1

Threonine/Serine exporter, ThrE (10 TMSs; DUF1212; Eggeling & Sahm, 2003)

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

ThrE of Corynebacterium glutamicum (Q79VD1)

 
2.A.79.1.10

Pheromone-regulated membrane protein 10 of 1150 aas and 10 - 12 TMSs.  CDD shows YjjP (DUF1212) and ProP (MFS) domains overlapping in the C-terminal transmembrane region.  The N-terminal soluble domains shows sequence similarity to Insecticidal Vegetative Protein-3 Family (TC# 1.C.105.2.7; e-8).

Pheromone-regulated protein 10 of Candida albicans (Yeast)

 
2.A.79.1.2

ThrE homologue

Proteobacteria

ThrE homologue of Myxococcus xanthus

 
2.A.79.1.3

ThrE homologue

Actinobacterium

ThrE homologue of Propionibacterium acnes

 
2.A.79.1.4

PF06738 family protein

Fusobacteria

PF06738 family protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum

 
2.A.79.1.5

Putative 2-component glycine/alanine porter

Spirochaetes

Putative gly/ala porter of Treponema denticola

 
2.A.79.1.6

Uncharacterized protein of 147 aas and 5 TMSs.

UP of Clostridium clariflavum

 
2.A.79.1.7

Uncharacterized protein of 142 aas

UP of Paenibacillus sp. FSL H8-237

 
2.A.79.1.8

Uncharacterized protein of 430 aas and 10 TMSs in a 5 + 5 spatial arrangement.

UP of Mobilicoccus pelagius

 
2.A.79.1.9

Uncharacterized protein of 606 aas and 9 or 10 TMSs

UP of Mucor circinelloides (Mucormycosis agent) (Calyptromyces circinelloides)

 
Examples:

TC#NameOrganismal TypeExample
2.A.79.2.1

YjjP (P0ADD5)/YjjB (P0ADD2) are of 256 aas and 5 TMSs; (DUF1212) and of 157 aas and 4 or 5 TMSs, respectively. yjjPB gene expression is regulated by HNS (a repressor) and LeuO (which antagonizes the repressive activity of HNS) (Stratmann et al. 2008). These proteins are encoded within a two gene operon, yjjPB, which encodes a two component dicarboxylate (succinate, fumarate and malate) transporter that has been shown to catalyze succinate efflux (Fukui et al. 2017). It is similar to the dicarboxylate/succinate transporter, YjjPB, of Enterobacter aerogenes (Fukui et al. 2018).

Bacteria

YjjP/YjjB of E.coli (P0ADD5/P0ADD2)

 
2.A.79.2.2

DUF1212 homologue

Proteobacteria

DUF1212 homologue of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

 
Examples:

TC#NameOrganismal TypeExample