| 4.A.3 The PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose-β-glucoside (Lac) Family
The Lac family includes several sequenced lactose (β-galactoside) porters of Gram-positive bacteria as well as the E. coli and Borrelia burgdorferi N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) porters. The former can transport aromatic β-glucosides and cellobiose as well as the chitin disaccharide, Chb. However, only Chb induces expression of the chb operon. While the Lac porters consist of two polypeptide chains (IIA and IICB), the Chb porters of E. coli and B. burgdorferi consist of three (IIA, IIB and IIC). In E. coli, the IIAChb protein has been shown to form a stable dimer both when phosphorylated and when unphosphorylated. The IIC domains of these permeases are believed to have a uniform topology with 10 TMSs (Cao et al. 2011; Vastermark and Saier 2016).
In E. coli, the IIBChb is a monomer. Two IIBChb monomers associate with the IIAChb dimer. The structure of the IIB domain of the Chb porter has been determined both by NMR and by x-ray crystallography. It exhibits an α/β doubly wound superfold. This is different from the structure of the IIBGlc and IIBMan domains. IIBSgc, believed to function in pentose transport, is homologous to IIBLac and IIBChb. In B. subtilis, a PTS porter similar to the Chb porter of E. coli is believed to transport lichenan (a β-1,3;1,4 glucan) degradation products, oligosaccharides of 2-4 glucose units. The B. burgdorferi system is more similar to the Bacillus Lic system than the E. coli Chb system. The IIC domains of members of the Lac family are all more similar to each other than they are to those of the Glc, Bgl, Fru and Mtl families.
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This family belongs to the PTS-GFL Superfamily.
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| References: |
Ab, E., G. Schuurman-Wolters, J. Reizer, M.H. Saier, Jr., K. Dijkstra, R.M. Scheek, and G.T. Robillard. (1997). The NMR side-chain assignments and solution structure of enzyme IIBcellobiose of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli. Prot. Sci. 6: 304-314.
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Cao, T.N., P. Joyet, F.M.D. Aké, E. Milohanic, and J. Deutscher. (2019). Studies of the Listeria monocytogenes Cellobiose Transport Components and Their Impact on Virulence Gene Repression. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29: 10-26.
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Cao, Y., X. Jin, E.J. Levin, H. Huang, Y. Zong, M. Quick, J. Weng, Y. Pan, J. Love, M. Punta, B. Rost, W.A. Hendrickson, J.A. Javitch, K.R. Rajashankar, and M. Zhou. (2011). Crystal structure of a phosphorylation-coupled saccharide transporter. Nature 473: 50-54.
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Francl, A.L., J.L. Hoeflinger, and M.J. Miller. (2012). Identification of lactose phosphotransferase systems in Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 required for lactose utilization. Microbiology 158: 944-952.
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Hall, B.G., K. Imai, and C.P. Romano. (1982). Genetics of the lac-PTS system of Klebsiella. Genet Res 39: 287-302.
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Imai, K. and B.G. Hall. (1981). Properties of the lactose transport system in Klebsiella sp. strain CT-1. J. Bacteriol. 145: 1459-1462.
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Kachroo, A.H., A.K. Kancherla, N.S. Singh, U. Varshney, and S. Mahadevan. (2007). Mutations that alter the regulation of the chb operon of Escherichia coli allow utilization of cellobiose. Mol. Microbiol. 66(6):1382-1395.
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Keyhani, N.O. and S. Roseman. (1997). Wild-type Escherichia coli grows on the chitin disaccharide N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, by expressing the cel operon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 14367-14371.
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Keyhani, N.O., K. Bacia, and S. Roseman. (2000). The transport/phosphorylation of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33102-33109.
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Keyhani, N.O., L.X. Wang, Y.C. Lee, and S. Roseman. (2000). The chitin disaccharide, N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, is catabolized by Escherichia coli and is transported/phosphorylated by the phosphoenolpyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33084-33090.
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Keyhani, N.O., M.E. Rodgers, B. Demeler, J.C. Hansen, and S. Roseman. (2000). Analytical sedimentation of the IIAChb and IIBChb proteins of the Escherichia coli N,N'-diacetylchitobiose phosphotransferase system. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33110-33115.
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Keyhani, N.O., O. Boudker, and S. Roseman. (2000). Isolation and characterization of IIAChb, a soluble protein of the enzyme II complex required for the transport/phosphorylation of N,N'-diacetylchitobiose in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33091-33101.
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Kowalczyk, M., M. Cocaign-Bousquet, P. Loubiere, and J. Bardowski. (2008). Identification and functional characterisation of cellobiose and lactose transport systems in Lactococcus lactis IL1403. Arch. Microbiol. 189(3): 187-196.
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Kowolik, C.M. and W. Hengstenberg. (1998). The lactose transporter of Staphylococcus aureus--overexpression, purification and characterization of the histidine-tagged domains IIC and IIB. Eur J Biochem 257: 389-394.
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Meibom, K.L., X.B. Li, A.T. Nielsen, C.Y. Wu, S. Roseman, and G.K. Schoolnik. (2004). The Vibrio cholerae chitin utilization program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 2524-2529.
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Nguyen, T.X., M.R. Yen, R.D. Barabote, and M.H. Saier, Jr. (2006). Topological predictions for integral membrane permeases of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11: 345-360.
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Reizer, J., A. Charbit, A. Reizer, and M.H. Saier, Jr. (1996). Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by bacterial genome analysis: Operons encoding homologues of sugar-specific permease domains of the phosphotransferase system and pentose catabolic enzymes. Genome Sci. Technol. 1: 53-75.
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Reizer, J., S. Bachem, A. Reizer, M. Arnaud, M.H. Saier, Jr., and J. Stülke. (1999). Novel phosphotransferase system genes revealed by genome analysis – the complete complement of PTS proteins encoded within the genome of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 145: 3419-3429.
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Rosey, E.L. and G.C. Stewart. (1992). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the lacR, lacABCD, and lacFE genes encoding the repressor, tagatose 6-phosphate gene cluster, and sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components of the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6159-6170.
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Sadaie, Y., H. Nakadate, R. Fukui, L.M. Yee, and K. Asai. (2008). Glucomannan utilization operon of Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 279: 103-109.
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Tilly, K., A.F. Elias, J. Errett, E. Fischer, R. Iyer, I. Schwartz, J.L. Bono, and P. Rosa. (2001). Genetics and regulation of chitobiose utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Bacteriol. 183: 5544-5553.
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Tobisch, S., P. Glaser, S. Krüger, and M. Hecker. (1997). Identification and characterization of a new β-glucoside utilization system in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 179: 496-506.
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Toratani, T., T. Shoji, T. Ikehara, K. Suzuki, and T. Watanabe. (2008). The importance of chitobiase and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) uptake in N,N'-diacetylchitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] utilization by Serratia marcescens 2,170. Microbiology 154: 1326-1332.
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Van Montfort, R.L.M., T. Pijning, K.H. Kalk, J. Reizer, M.H. Saier, Jr., M.M.G.M. Thunnissen, G.T. Robillard, and B.W. Dijkstra. (1997). The structure of an energy-coupling protein from bacteria, IIBcellobiose, reveals similarity to eukaryotic protein tyrosine phosphatases. Structure 5: 217-225.
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Vastermark, A. and M.H. Saier, Jr. (2016). Time to Stop Holding the Elevator: A New Piece of the Transport Protein Mechanism Puzzle. Structure 24: 845-846.
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Wu, M.C., Y.C. Chen, T.L. Lin, P.F. Hsieh, and J.T. Wang. (2012). Cellobiose-specific phosphotransferase system of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its importance in biofilm formation and virulence. Infect. Immun. 80: 2464-2472.
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| Examples: |
| TC# | Name | Organismal Type | Example |
| 4.A.3.1.1 | Lactose (Lac) porter, LacEF (Kowolik and Hengstenberg 1998). This system is 87% identical to the LacEF ortholog in Streptococcus mutans (Rosey and Stewart 1992). | Bacteria | Lactose (Lac) IICB-IIA complex of Staphylococcus aureus
IIA (LacF) (P02909)
IIBC (LacE) (P11162) |
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| 4.A.3.1.2 |
Lactose PTS group translocator #1, IIA/IICB (Francl et al. 2012). | Firmicutes |
Lactose PTS porter #1of Lactobacillus gasseri |
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| 4.A.3.1.3 | Lactose PTS group translocator #2, IIA/IICB (Francl et al. 2012). | Firmicutes | Lactose PTS porter #2 of Lactobacillus gasseri |
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| Examples: |
| TC# | Name | Organismal Type | Example |
| 4.A.3.2.1 | N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) porter (also transports cellobiose; Kachroo et al., 2007). | Bacteria | N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) IIC-IIB-IIA complex of E. coli
IIA (ChbA), spP17335
IIB (ChbB), spP17409
IIC (ChbC), spP17334 |
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| 4.A.3.2.10 | Oligo β-(gluco)mannoside (derived from (gluco)mannan))-specific PTS transporter, GmuABC (YdhNMO). The glucomannan utilization operon (gmuBACDREFG, formerly ydhMNOPQRST) of Bacillus subtilis has been characterized (Sadaie et al. 2008).
Transcription of the operon is induced by konjac glucomannan and
requires the last mannanase gene (gmuG). Cellobiose and mannobiose,
possible degradation products of glucomannan by GmuG, are strong
inducers of transcription. An internal regulatory gene
(gmuR) encodes a repressor of the operon, as disruption of this gene
enhances transcription of the operon in the absence of inducers. The
expression of the glucomannan utilizing operon is thus induced by degraded glucomannan products, and repressed by an internal repressor (Sadaie et al. 2008). | | GmuABC of Bacillus subtilis
GmuA, IIA, 110 aas, O05506
GmuB, IIB, 103 aas, O05505
GmuC, IIC, 422 aas and 10 TMSs, O05507 |
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| 4.A.3.2.11 | Cellobiose PTS transporter with one IIC protein, CelC1, of 435 aas and 10 predicted TMSs(Q8Y3Z4, and two sets of IIAB proteins, CelA1 (100 aas; Q927F6) and CelB1 (101 aas; Q8Y3Z5) as well as CelA2 (100 aas; Q92AT9) and CelB2 (102 aas; Q8Y6G7). Another IIC-like protein was also found (454 aas; 10 TMSs; Q8Y3X1) but it did not phosphorlyate cellobiose, and its function was not identified. Transcription of these genes is regulated by CelR (Cao et al. 2019). | | CelA1/A2/B1/B2/C1 of Listeria monocytogenes |
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| 4.A.3.2.2 | Lichenan oligosaccharide (Lic) porter | Bacteria | Lichenan oligosaccharide (Lic) IIC-IIB-IIA complex of Bacillus subtilis
IIA (LicA), spP46319
IIB (LicB), spP46318
IIC (LicC), spP46317 |
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| 4.A.3.2.3 | N,N'-diacetylchitobiose porter, ChbABC | Bacteria | N,N'diacetylchitobiose (Chb) IIC-IIB-IIA complex of Borrelia burgdorferi
IIA (ChbA), AAC66323
IIB (ChbB), AAC66322
IIC (ChbC), AAC66324 |
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| 4.A.3.2.4 | The cellobiose-specific (PtcA-PtcB-CelB) porter (Kowalczyk et al., 2008 ). | Bacteria | PtcA-PtcB-CelB of Lactococcus lactis:
CelB (C)(Q9CJ32)
PtcB (B)(Q9CIF0)
PtcA (A)(Q9CIE9) |
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| 4.A.3.2.5 | The N,N' -diacetylchitobiose Enzyme II (Toratani et al., 2008) (>80% identical to the E. coli enzyme (4.A.3.2.1)). The IIA protein is the Serratia glucose IIA which is nearly identical to the E. coli IIAGlc (Crr). | Proteobacteria | The N,N' -diacetylchitobiose Enzyme II of Serratia marcescens
IIA (ChbA) - Q8L3C4
IIB (ChbB) - Q8L3C3
IIC (ChbC) - Q8L3C2 |
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| 4.A.3.2.6 | Glucosamine β(1→4) glucosamine (GlcN)2 (glucosamine dimer) transporter, VC1281-1283 (IIB; IIC; IIA, respectively) (Meibom et al., 2004) | Proteobacteria | (GlcN)2 transporter of Vibrio cholerae (IIA-IIB-IIC)
IIB (Q9KSH5)
IIA (Q9KSH3)
IIC (Q9KSH4) |
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| 4.A.3.2.7 |
N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (cellobiose) PTS permease, CelABC (IIABC). Essential for normal virulence and biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae which causes pyogenic liver abscesses (Wu et al. 2012). 88% identical to the diacetylchitobiose II (4.A.3.2.1) of E. coli. These two proteins are probably orthologous. | Proteobacteria | CelABC of Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| 4.A.3.2.8 | N-, N'-diacetylchitobiose PTS permease, IIABCChb (Also called IIABCCel for cellbiose). The crystal structure of the 10 TMS IIC membrane component has been determined by x-ray crystallography (Cao et al. 2011). | Firmicutes | ChbIIABC of Bacillus cereus
ChbA (CelA); IIB (100 aas) (Q72XP9)
ChbB (CelB); IIC (433 aas) (Q72XQ0)
ChbC (CelC); IIA (106 aas) (Q72XQ1) |
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| 4.A.3.2.9 | PTS-type lactose transporter, IIC-IIB-IIA (Imai and Hall 1981; Hall et al. 1982). | Proteobacteria | Lactose permease of Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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