3.E.1.1.7
H⁺-pumping electrogenic bacteriorhodopsin of 250 aas and 7 TMSs (Kamo et al. 2006).  The delta rhodopsin (dR), a microbial light-driven proton-pumping rhodopsin from Haloterrigena turkmenica, was expressed and localized in the vacuolar membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by conjugation with a vacuolar membrane-localized protein. Vacuoles with dR were isolated from S. cerevisiae, and the light-driven proton pumping activity was evaluated based on the pH change outside the vacuoles. A light-induced increase in the intracellular ATP content was observed in yeast harboring vacuoles with dR (Daicho et al. 2024).