8.A.58 The Dispanin (Dispanin) Family
The IFN-induced antiviral proteins
disrupt intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and inhibit the entry of
viruses to the host cell cytoplasm by preventing viral fusion with
cholesterol depleted endosomes. They may inactivate new enveloped viruses and are active against multiple viruses,
including influenza A virus, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Marburg virus
(MARV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Dengue virus (DNV), West Nile virus
(WNV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), herpes virus and vesicular
stomatitis virus (VSV). They can inhibit influenza virus hemagglutinin
protein-mediated viral entry, MARV and EBOV GP1,2-mediated viral entry,
SARS-CoV S protein-mediated viral entry and VSV G protein-mediated viral
entry (Narayana et al. 2015). They also play critical roles in the structural stability and function
of vacuolar ATPases (v-ATPases) by establishing physical contact with the
v-ATPase of endosomes which is required for the function of the V-ATPase to lower the pH
in phagocytic endosomes, thus establishing an antiviral state (Kim et al. 2012). A 2 TMS domain in these proteins may be related to those in family 8.A.115 (preliminary observation).
Interferon-induced transmembrane (2 TMSs) proteins (IFITMs), collectively called dispanins, broadly inhibit virus infections, particularly at the viral entry level. However, despite this shared ability to inhibit fusion, IFITMs differ in the potency and breadth of viruses restricted. Differences in the range of viruses restricted by IFITM1 are regulated by a C-terminal non-canonical dibasic sorting signal KRXX that suppresses restriction of some viruses by governing its intracellular distribution (Li et al. 2015). Replacing the two basic residues with alanine (KR/AA) increased restriction of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and 10A1 amphotropic murine leukemia virus. Deconvolution microscopy revealed an altered subcellular distribution for KR/AA, with fewer molecules in LAMP1-positive lysosomes balanced by increased levels in CD63-positive multivesicular bodies, where jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus pseudovirions are colocalized. IFITM1 binds to cellular adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), an association that is lost when the dibasic motif is altered. Although knockdown of AP-3 itself decreases some virus entry, expression of parental IFITM1, but not its KR/AA mutant, potentiates inhibition of viral infections in AP-3 knockdown cells. IFITM1 adopts more than one membrane topology co-existing in cellular membranes. Because the C-terminal dibasic sorting signal is unique to human IFITM1, a species- and virus-specific antiviral effect of IFITMs may be novel and unique (Li et al. 2015). IFITM proteins broadly inhibit the entry of diverse pathogenic viruses, including Influenza A virus (IAV), Zika virus, HIV-1, and SARS coronaviruses by inhibiting virus-cell membrane fusion (Rahman et al. 2022).
Modulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) contents at synapses is thought to be an underlying molecular mechanism of memory and learning. AMPAR content at synapses is highly plastic and is regulated by numerous AMPAR accessory transmembrane proteins such as TARPs, cornichons, and CKAMPs. SynDIG (synapse differentiation-induced gene) defines a family of four genes (SynDIG1-4) expressed in distinct and overlapping patterns in the brain (Kirk et al. 2016). SynDIG1 is a transmembrane AMPAR-associated protein that regulates synaptic strength. The related protein, SynDIG4, [also known as Prrt1 (proline-rich transmembrane protein 1)] is a component of AMPAR complexes, but SynDIG1 and SynDIG4 have distinct yet overlapping patterns of expression in the central nervous system, with SynDIG4 having especially prominent expression in the hippocampus and particularly within CA1. In contrast to SynDIG1 and other traditional AMPAR auxiliary subunits, SynDIG4 is de-enriched at the postsynaptic density and colocalizes with extrasynaptic GluA1 puncta in primary dissociated neuronal cultures. Thus, although SynDIG4 shares sequence similarity with SynDIG1, it may act through a different mechanism as an auxiliary factor for extrasynaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs (Kirk et al. 2016).