| TCID | Name | Domain | Kingdom/Phylum | Protein(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
8.B.19.1.1 | The mature K+ channel blocking toxin, BcsTx3 of 50 aas (Orts et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | BcsTx3 of Bunodosoma caissarum |
|
8.B.19.1.2 | Putative pro-toxin of 190 aas | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Toxin precursor of Nematostella vectensis |
|
8.B.19.2.1 | U1-ctenitoxin Cs1a (CstX-7). Blocks mammalian neuronal L-type (Cav1/CACNA1) high-voltage-activated calcium channels. Causes paralysis in Drosophila. Its insecticidal activity is synergistically increased by potassium ions, M-ctenitoxin-Cs1a (P83619), omega-ctenitoxin-Cs1a (P81694), and U1-ctenitoxin-Cs2a (P83919). Because of the disulfide knot strcuture, this neurotoxin is called a knottin (Schalle et al. 2001). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | CstX-7 of Cupiennius salei |
|
8.B.19.2.2 | Peptide toxin, Cs1a omega ctenitoxin, of 122 aas from a spider multicomponent venom. It contains a cystine knot structure and is therefore called a knottin (Kuhn-Nentwig et al. 2012). Double-knottin peptides from spider venom have been used to reveal aspects of the pharmacology of transmembrane channels (Agwa et al. 2018). It shows calcium channel blocking activity and exhibits cytolytic activity by affecting the outer leaflet curvature and/or pore formation across the membrane (Kuhn-Nentwig et al. 2012, Clémençon et al. 2020). It blocks L-type calcium channels (Cav1/CACNA1) (TC# 1.A.1.11.4) in mammalian neurons at nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, it produces a slow voltage-independent block of mid/low and high voltage-activated calcium channels in cockroach neurons (Kubista et al. 2007). Potassium ions, histamine, M-ctenitoxin-Cs1a (P83619), CSTX-9 (P58604), and CSTX-13 (P83919) synergistically increase the insecticidal activity of this toxin (Wullschleger et al. 2005, Clémençon et al. 2020). In vivo, it causes paralysis in blow flies and provokes death in Drosophila (Clémençon et al. 2020). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Cs1a toxin of Cupiennius salei |
|
8.B.19.2.3 | UT-Lycotoxin, Ls1t (LsTx-A35) of 107 aas. The disulfide knot defines it as a knottin. It is a member of the CsTx superfamily and the U1-lycotoxin family. This protein is processed to the mature form. | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Ks1t of Lycosa (Aranea) singoriensis |
|
8.B.19.2.4 | Ω Lsp-IA (47aas) Ca2+ channel inhibitor | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Ω Lsp-IA of Geolycosa sp. (P85079) |
|
8.B.19.2.5 | Latartoxin 1b of 86 aas. It is further processed to the mature form. Belongs to the CsTx superfamily. The presence of disulfide through disulfide knot structually defines it as a 'knottin'. | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Latartoxin 1b of Lachesana tarabaevi |
|
8.B.19.2.6 | U2-Lycotoxin Ls1c of 105 aas; calcium channel impairing toxin. Also called LsTxM3. | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | U2 Lycotoxin Ls1c of Lycosa singoriensis |
|
8.B.19.2.7 | DELTA-miturgitoxin-Cp1b of 183 aas and 1 N-terminal TMS. It is a spider venom toxin that exhibits cytolytic activity by forming an α-helix across the membrane and is lethal to insect larvae (Vassilevski et al. 2010, Sachkova et al. 2014). It causes instant paralysis and death to larvae of the flesh fly (S. carnaria) at doses of 20 µg/g, and at doses of less than 10 µg/g, it causes reversible paralysis by causing stable and irreversible depolarization of fly muscle fibers while destabilizing the membrane (Vassilevski et al. 2010). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Toxin of Cheiracanthium punctorium (Yellow sac spider) |
|
8.B.19.2.8 | ω-ctenitoxin-Pn3a of 116 aas and 1 N-terminal TMS. This toxin is a potent and practically irreversible antagonist of both Cav2.1/CACNA1A and Cav2.2/CACNA1B calcium channels, while it displays a partial and rapidly reversible block of Cav2.3/CACNA1E calcium channels and no effect on Cav3/CACNA1 calcium channels (Cassola et al. 1998). It also inhibits glutamate uptake from rat brain synaptosomes by an interaction between cysteines from both glutamate transporter and toxin (Reis et al. 1999). It blocks potassium-induced exocytosis of synaptic vesicles in brain cortical synaptosomes with an IC50 of 1.1 nM. In mice, induces rapid general flaccid paralysis followed by death in 10-30 minutes at dose levels of 5 µg per mouse. In rat brain, it inhibits glutamate release, neuronal death and loss of neurotransmission in the hippocampus resulting from ischemia (Pinheiro et al. 2009). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa | Ctenitoxin of Phoneutria nigriventer (Brazilian armed spider) (Ctenus nigriventer) |