TCID | Name | Domain | Kingdom/Phylum | Protein(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.A.3.1.1 | Ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channel, RyR2. Causes Ca2+ release from the E.R. and consequent cardiac arrhythmia (Chelu and Wehrens, 2007). It associates with FKBP12.6, but phosphorylation by protein kinase A on serine-2030 causes dissociation (Jones et al., 2008). An interaction site for FKBP12.6 may be present at the RyR2 C terminus, proximal to the channel pore, a sterically appropriate location that would enable this protein to play a role in the modulation of this channel (Zissimopoulos and Lai 2005). Enhanced binding of calmodulin corrects arrhythmogenic channel disorder in myocytes (Fukuda et al. 2014). RyR2s can open spontaneously, giving rise to spatially-confined Ca2+ release events known as "sparks." They are organized in a lattice to form clusters in the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The spatial arrangement of RyR2s within clusters strongly influences the frequency of Ca2+ sparks (Walker et al. 2015). Structures of RyR2 from porcine heart in both the open and closed states at near atomic resolutions have been determined using single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (Peng et al. 2016). Structural comparisons revealed breathing motions of the overall cytoplasmic region resulting from the interdomain movements of amino-terminal domains (NTDs), Helical domains, and Handle domains, whereas little intradomain shifts are observed in these armadillo repeat-containing domains. Outward rotations of the central domains, which integrate the conformational changes of the cytoplasmic region, lead to the dilation of the cytoplasmic gate through coupled motions. These observations provide insight into the gating mechanism of RyRs (Peng et al. 2016). RyR2 is subject ot regulation by cytoplasmic Zn2+ (>1nM), and this regulation plays a key role in diastolic SR Ca2+ leakage in cardiac muscle (Reilly-O'Donnell et al. 2017). Ryanodine receptor-mediated SR Ca2+ efflux is apparently balanced by concomitant counterion currents across the SR membrane (Sanchez et al. 2018). Electrical polarity-dependent gating and a unique subconductance of RyR2 is induced by S-adenosyl methionine via the ATP binding site. Thus, SAM may alter the conformation of the RyR2 ion conduction pathway (Kampfer and Balog 2021). The brief opening mode of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) serves as a calcium (Ca2+) release valve to prevent mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) overload. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a stress-induced arrhythmic syndrome due to mutations in the Ca2+ release channel complex of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2). Genetic inhibition of mPTP exacerbates RyR2 dysfunction in CPVT by increasing activation of the CaMKII pathway and subsequent hyperphosphorylation of RyR2 (Deb et al. 2023). Protamine reversibly modulates the calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and voltage-dependent cardiac RyR2 (Yamada et al. 2023). Calcium release deficiency syndrome (CRDS) is a form of inherited arrhythmia caused by damaging loss-of-function variants in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) (Kallas et al. 2023). Cardiomyocyte ryanodine receptor 2 clusters expand and coalesce after application of isoproterenol. Thus, isoproterenol induces rapid, significant, changes in the molecular architecture of excitation-contraction coupling (Scriven et al. 2023). Distinct patterns and length scales of RyR and IP3R1 co-clustering at contact sites between the ER and the surface plasmalemma that encode the positions and the quantity of Ca2+ released at each Ca2+ spark (Hurley et al. 2023). The type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is a Ca2+ release channel on the endoplasmic (ER)/sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that plays a central role in the excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Hyperactivity of RyR2 has been linked to ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and heart failure, where spontaneous Ca2+ release via hyperactivated RyR2 depolarizes diastolic membrane potential to induce triggered activity. In such cases, drugs that suppress RyR2 activity are expected to prevent the arrhythmias. Such inhibitors have been identified (Takenaka et al. 2023). VPS13A disease is associated with histopathological findings implicating abnormal lipid accumulation (Ditzel et al. 2023). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Chordata | Cardiac muscle RyR-CaC of Homo sapiens |
1.A.3.1.2 | The Ryanodine receptor Ca2+/K+ release tetrameric channel, RyR1, present in skeletal muscle, is 5038 aas long. Mutants are linked to core myopathies such as Central Core Disease, Malignant Hyperthermia and Multiple Minicore Disease) (Xu et al., 2008). RyR1 interacts with CLIC2 to modulate its channel activity (Meng et al., 2009). A model pf RyR1 has been constructed encompassing the six transmembrane helices to calculate the RyR1 pore region conductance, to analyze its structural stability, and to hypothesize the mechanism of the Ile4897 CCD-associated mutation. The calculated conductance of the wild-type RyR1 suggests that the pore structure can sustain ion currents measured in single-channel experiments. Shirvanyants et al. 2014 observed a stable pore structure with multiple cations occupying the selectivity filter and cytosolic vestibule, but not the inner chamber. Stability of the selectivity filter depends on interactions between the I4897 residue and several hydrophobic residues of the neighboring subunit. Loss of these interactions in the case of the polar substitution, I4897T, results in destabilization of the selectivity filter, a possible cause of the CCD-specific reduced Ca2+ conductance. A 4.8 Å structure of the rabbit orthologue in the closed state of this 2.3 MDa tetramer (3757 aas/protomer) reveals the pore, the VIC superfamily fold and a potential mechanism of Ca2+ gating (Zalk et al. 2015). A cryo-electron microscopy analysis revealed the structure at 6.1 Å resolution (Efremov et al. 2015). The transmembrane domain represents a chimaera of voltage-gated sodium and pH-activated ion channels. They identified the calcium-binding EF-hand domain and showed that it functions as a conformational switch, allosterically gating the channel. Malignant hyperthermia-associated RyR1 mutations in the S2-S3 loop confer RyR2-type Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent channel regulation (Gomez et al. 2016). Structural analyses have elucidated a novel channel-gating mechanism and a novel ion selectivity mechanism for RyR1 (Wei et al. 2016). Samsó 2016 reviewed structural determinations of RyR by cryoEM and analyzed the first near-atomic structures, revealing a complex orchestration of domains controlling channel function. The structural basis for gating and activation have been determined (des Georges et al. 2016). Junctin and triadin bind to different sites on RyR1; triadin plays an important role in ensuring rapid Ca2+ release during excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. RyR1 structure/functioin has been reviewed (Zalk and Marks 2017). Possibly, luminal Ca2+ activates RyR1 by accessing a cytosolic Ca2+ binding site in the open channel as the Ca2+ ions pass through the pore (Xu et al. 2017). The 3-d structures of the native protein in membranes has been determined (Chen and Kudryashev 2020) (see family description). The most common cause of nondystrophic congenital myopathies is mutations in RYR1 (Sorrentino 2022). Targeting ryanodine receptor type 2 can mitigate chemotherapy-induced neurocognitive impairments in mice (Liu et al. 2023). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Chordata | RyR1 of Homo sapiens (P21817) |
1.A.3.1.3 | The Ryanodine Receptor homologue, RyRi (5,101 aas; 77% identical to the A gambiae RyR) of the aphid, Myzus persicae, is the tartet of diamide insecticides and is made without alternative splicing (Troczka et al. 2015). The almost identical well characterized orthologue from the oriential fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis also has its 6 TMSs C-terminal (Yuan et al. 2014). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyRi of Anopheles gambiae (Q7PMK5) |
1.A.3.1.4 | Ryanodine receptor (RyR) of 5107 aas. Flubendiamine, a RyR-activating insecticide, induced Ca2+ release in hemocytes (Kato et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR of Pieris rapae (white cabbage butterfly) |
1.A.3.1.5 | Ryanodine receptor (RyR) of 5127 aas and 6 TMSs. Intracellular calcium channel that is required for proper muscle function during embryonic development and may be essential for excitation-contraction coupling in larval body wall muscles. Mediates general anaesthesia by halothane (Gao et al. 2013) and confers sensitivity to diamide insecticides (Tao et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR of Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) |
1.A.3.1.6 | Ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channel receptor, RyR of 5071 aas and 6 putative TMSs. The tissue lecalization has been described (Hamada et al. 2002). Required for neuronal regeneration (Sun et al. 2014). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Nematoda | RyR of Caenorhabditis elegans |
1.A.3.1.7 | Aphid ryanodine receptor RyR) of 5105 aas and 6 TMSs, a target of insecticides. The sequence of the Acyrthosiphon pisum (Pea aphid) is provided below, but the Toxoptera citricida (98% identiy; Brown citrus aphid; Aphis citricidus) RyR was studied (Wang et al. 2015). | Metazoa, Arthropoda | Aphid RyR of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Pea aphid) | |
1.A.3.1.8 | Ryanodine receptor, DcRyR shows high sequence identity to RyRs from other insects (76%-95%) and shares many features of insect and vertebrate RyRs, including a MIR domain, two RIH domains, three SPRY domains, four copies of RyR repeat domain, an RIH-associated domain at the N-terminus, two consensus calcium-binding EF-hands and six TMSs at the C-terminus (Yuan et al. 2017). The expression of DcRyR mRNA was the highest in the nymphs and lowest in eggs; it has three alternative splice sites, and the splice variants showed body part-specific expression, being under developmentally regulation (Yuan et al. 2017). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR of Dialeurodes citri (Citrus whitefly) (Aleurodes citri) |
1.A.3.1.9 | Ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel RyR1 of 5117 aas and 6 TMSs. Diamide insecticides, such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, selectively activate insect ryanodine receptors of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera pests (Samurkas et al. 2020). They are particularly active against lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetable crops, including the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Resistance results from mutation(s) in the ryanodine receptors' transmembrane domain at the C-termini of these proteins (Troczka et al. 2017). Other diamide insecticides, including phthalic and anthranilic diamides, target insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and cause misregulation of calcium signaling in insect muscles and neurons. Homology modeling and docking studies with the diamondback moth ryanodine receptor revealed the mechanisms for channel activation, insecticide binding, and resistance (Lin et al. 2019). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR1 of Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth) (Plutella maculipennis) |
1.A.3.1.10 | Ryanodine receptor, RyR, of 5139 aas and 6 TMSs. Sensitive to the diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide. It has the conserved C-terminal domain with the consensus calcium-biding EF-hands (calcium-binding motif), the six transmembrane domains, as well as mannosyltransferase, IP3R and RyR (pfam02815) (MIR) domains (Wu et al. 2018). Probably transports monovalent cations and Ca2+. | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR of Sesamia inferens (pink stem borer) |
1.A.3.1.11 | The ryanodine receptor of 5140 aas and 6 C-terminal TMSs. It is the targets of diamide insecticides. The mutation I4743M contributes to diamide insecticide resistance (Zuo et al. 2020). The diamide binding site on the Lepidopteran Ryanodine Receptor has been examined (Richardson et al. 2021). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | RyR of Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) (Noctua fulgens) |
1.A.3.2.1 | Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-2 with 2701 aas and 6 TMSs. Mediates release of intracellular calcium which is regulated by cAMP both dependently and independently of PKA and plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation. High level expression in humans is an indication of cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) (Shi et al. 2015). . | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Chordata | Brain IP3-CaC of Rattus norvegicus |
1.A.3.2.2 | The Inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate (InsP3)-like receptor (2838aas). Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a
second messenger that mediates the release of intracellular calcium.
May be involved in visual and olfactory transduction as well as myoblast
proliferation. Loss in adult neurons results in obesity in adult flies (Subramanian et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Arthropoda | InsP3l receptor Drosophila melanogaster (P29993) |
1.A.3.2.3 | The cation channel family protein, IsnP3-like protein (2872aas) | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | InsP3-like protein of Tetrahymena themophila (Q23K98) |
1.A.3.2.4 | The Inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate (InsP3)-like receptor (3036aas) (Ladenburger et al. 2009; Docampo et al. 2013Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | InsP3l receptor of Paramecium tetraaurelia (A0CX44) |
1.A.3.2.5 | Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 splice variant, IP(3)R1 (Subedi et al., 2012). The human orthologue, IP3R3, is regulated at the ER-mitochondrion interface by BCL-XL (TC# 1.A.21.1.6) (Williams et al. 2016). Genetic polymorphisms of Ca2+ transport proteins and molecular chaperones in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFA5) have been identified. The variant genotypes of Ca2+ transport-associated genes HSPA5 (rs12009 and rs430397) and ITPR2 (rs11048570) probably contribute to the reduction of the NAFLD risk in Chinese Han population (Tang et al. 2022). Host IP3R channels are dispensable for rotavirus Ca2+ signaling but critical for intercellular Ca2+ waves that prime uninfected cells for rapid virus spread (Perry et al. 2024). The IP3R is dispensable for rotavirus-induced Ca2+ signaling and replication but is critical for paracrine Ca2+ signals that prime uninfected cells for rapid virus spread (Perry et al. 2023).
| Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Chordata | IP(3)R1 of Rattus norvegicus (Q63269) |
1.A.3.2.6 | Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3 receptor isoform 1; ITPR1; IP3R 1; InsP3R1; Itpr1) (Type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor) (Type 1 InsP3 receptor) of 2758 aas and 6 TMSs near the C-terminus. An intronic variant in ITPR1 causes Gillespie syndrome, characterized by bilateral symmetric partial aplasia of the iris presenting as a fixed and large pupil, cerebellar hypoplasia with ataxia, congenital hypotonia, and varying levels of intellectual disability (Keehan et al. 2021). The cryoEM structure has been determined (Baker et al. 2021). Binding of the erlin1/2 complex (TC# 8.A.195) to the third intralumenal loop of IP3R1 triggers its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation (Gao et al. 2022). IP3R channels participate in the reticular Ca2+ leak towards mitochondria (Gouriou et al. 2023). It is a critical player in cerebellar intracellular calcium signaling. Pathogenic missense variants in ITPR1 cause congenital spinocerebellar ataxia type 29 (SCA29), Gillespie syndrome (GLSP), and severe pontine/cerebellar hypoplasia (Tolonen et al. 2023). Aberrant Ca2+ signaling is a key link between human pathogenic PSEN1 (Presenilin-1 variants (PSEN1 p.A246E, p.L286V, and p.M146L)) and cell-intrinsic hyperactivity prior to deposition of abnormal Aß (Hori et al. 2024). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Chordata | ITPR1 of Homo sapiens |
1.A.3.2.7 | Contractile vacuole complex calcium release channel (CRC)II; IP3Rn (Ladenburger et al. 2006). Functions in osmoregulation by promoting expulsion of water and some ions including Ca2+. Also functions in calcium homeostasis (Ladenburger et al. 2006; Docampo et al. 2013Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | IP3Rn or CRCII of Paramecium trtraurelia |
1.A.3.2.8 | Putative IP3R calcium-release channel VI-3 of 2021 aas (Docampo et al., 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | Calcium-release channel VI-3 of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.9 | CRCI-1a; IP3R. Functions similarly to TC# 1.A.3.2.7 (Docampo et al. 2013). Cortical Ca2+ stores (alveolar sacs) are activated during stimulated trichocyst exocytosis, mediating store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Ca2+ release channels (CRCs) localise to alveoli and are Ryanodine receptor-like proteins (RyR-LPs) as well as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), members of the CRC family with 6 subfamilies (Plattner 2014). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | CRCI-1a of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.10 | Calcium release channel III, CRCIII1a of 2598 aas. Associated with recycling vesicles engaged in phagosome formation (Ladenburger and Plattner 2011). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | CRCIII1a of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.11 | Calcium release channel IV3b, CRCIV3b, of 3127 aas. Display structural and functional properties of ryanodine receptors (Ladenburger et al. 2009). Localized to the alveolar sacs of the cortical subplasmalemmal Ca2+-stores (Plattner et al. 2012). Involved in exocytosis in response to ryanodine receptor agonists (Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | CRCIV3b of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.12 | Calcium release channel V-4b, CRCV4b of 2589 aas. Occurs in parasomal (alveolar) sacs (clathrin coated pits) (Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | CRCV4b of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.13 | Calcium release channel VI-2b, CRCVI2b. Localized to the contractile vacuole (Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Ciliophora | CRCVI2b of Paramecium tetraurelia |
1.A.3.2.14 | Endoplasmic reticular inositol triphosphate receptor, IP3R of 3099 aas (Docampo et al. 2013). | Eukaryota |
Kinetoplastida | IP3R of Trypanosoma brucei |
1.A.3.2.16 | Inositol triphosphate receptor, IP3R, also called Itr-1, Dec-4 and Ife-1, of 2892 aas and 6 TMSs (Baylis and Vázquez-Manrique 2012). Receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger that regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis. Binds in vitro to both 1,4,5-InsP3 and 2,4,5-InsP3 with high affinity and does not discriminate between the phosphate at the 1 or 2 position. Can also bind inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (1,3,4,5-InsP4) and inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (4,5-InsP2), but with lower affinity. Acts as a timekeeper/rhythm generator via calcium signaling, affecting the defecation cycle and pharyngeal pumping (Dal Santo et al. 1999). Affects normal hermaphrodite and male fertility as a participant in intracellular signaling by acting downstream of let-23/lin-3 which regulates ovulation, spermathecal valve dilation and male mating behavior (Walker et al. 2002; Gower et al. 2005). Important for early embryonic development; controls epidermal cell migration and may also regulate filopodial protrusive activity during epithelial morphogenesis (Thomas-Virnig et al. 2004; ). Component of inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated downstream signaling pathways that controls amphid sensory neuronal (ASH)-mediated response to nose touch and benzaldehyde (Walker et al. 2009). | Eukaryota |
Metazoa, Nematoda | IP3 receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans |
1.A.3.2.17 | IP3R of 3140 aas, RyR1 (Wheeler and Brownlee 2008). | Viridiplantae, Chlorophyta | IP3R of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |